Rebuilding Place in the Urban Space

"A community’s physical form, rather than its land uses, is its most intrinsic and enduring characteristic." [Katz, EPA] This blog focuses on place and placemaking and all that makes it work--historic preservation, urban design, transportation, asset-based community development, arts & cultural development, commercial district revitalization, tourism & destination development, and quality of life advocacy--along with doses of civic engagement and good governance watchdogging.

Sunday, December 27, 2020

Belated seasons greetings and churchgoing in the time of covid

I haven't been writing much because changes to the Blogger posting function make writing much more laborious, and because I am still depressed by the election, and how Democrats were pretty much trounced, except for the presidency, not to mention what Trump's continued existence says for democracy ("What We Get Wrong About America's Crisis of Democracy," New Yorker; "Americans’ acceptance of Trump’s behavior will be his vilest legacy," Guardian; "Republicans closely resemble autocratic parties in Hungary and Turkey – study," Guardian; "Is Trump's 'coup' a dress rehearsal?," New York Magazine).

I'm not religious.  I'm intellectually Jewish but have grown up in a Christian culture.  It happens that I am a fan of religious architecture, even though I am agnostic at best--some things sometimes you can't shake even if intellectually you know faith is pretty much a loser.

I guess in Christianity the tension between the Old Testament (vengeful and cruel) and New Testament (social justice, loving, forgiving) is reproduced in society more generally such as the difference in outlook between Republicans (vengeful, blaming, individualistic) and Democrats (more focused on the collective and mutual aid).

St Margaret’s church in south London is being used as a food bank distribution centre, supported by the Trussell Trust. Photograph: Dan Kitwood/Getty Images.

An article in the Guardian, "If the Church of England worships online, how can its historic buildings survive?," about the impact of pandemic related meeting restrictions on churches, and how some churches are responding in creative and innovative ways, which increases rather than diminishes their relevance, is relevant to my earlier writings on churches and urbanism, codified here, "Churches, community, religion and change," last in 2015 (although I do "update" it from time to time in the comments section as I come across relevant articles and findings).

Photo: St. Bridget's church in Glasgow, Scotland (ANSA).  Fixed pews make churches inflexible spaces.

A photograph in the article of the St. Margaret's Church in South London, showing the worship hall used for a food bank, reminded me of my experience going to the Liverpool Cathedral when I visited the UK in 2018.  About churches as flexible spaces.  (I've written about church social halls as flexible spaces here, "Ground up (guerrilla) art #2: community halls and music (among other things).")

I went there because there was an art exhibit, using the cavernous hall to show the "Museum of the Moon" (more) which had been written up in my local newspaper before I left.  

The Cathedral, the largest in Britain, also has a Tracey Emin neon sculpture ("Award for Cathedral's Emin Work," BBC) which was placed as part of Liverpool's European Capital of Culture program in 2008.

I was intrigued because the church doesn't have fixed pews, which means that the space can be flexibly used.  

My understanding is that it was designed that way deliberately (although I never got around to confirming it), so that the church space could be multipurpose.

And later that weekend, the same space was used for what the church called the "Summer Arts Market," basically an art fair, within the church.  They also do this in the winter.

Years ago I wrote some pieces related to the point Washington Wizards team owner Ted Leonsis made about the arena or stadium being a platform ("Stadiums and arenas as the enabling infrastructure for "money-making" platforms").

Simon Jenkins points out in the Guardian article that some churches are more than doubling their pre-pandemic attendance with the addition of Zoom-based services.  

He wonders what that means for church buildings, although he argues it's an opportunity for renewal as well.   

In my piece, I made a similar point but in a different way.  I wrote that churches, especially megachurches, are organized at the scale of a metropolitan area.  It means that they get much greater attendance and membership, but it comes at the loss of connection to a particular community or neighborhood.   

Although this has happened anyway, because only a few religions maintain a tight geographical bound between the community and the place of worship, because of how religion is practiced.  This is especially the case for Islam--which requires daily practice ("Can This Muslim Community Create a Model for Rebuilding Detroit?," The Nation); and Orthodox Judaism, which forbids the use of mechanical devices on the Sabbath, so people live within walking distance of their synagogue.

Dream of Detroit is an Islamic initiative focused on revitalizing the neighborhood around their church building.  And in nearby Oak Park, in the late 1980s, the State highway department built a deck across a local freeway to facilitate a community's ability to walk to and from synagogue ("Who knew? There's been a freeway deck in Oak Park, Michigan over I-696 for almost 30 years").

Interestingly, in Utah, especially Salt Lake City, the Mormon Church historically built churches around the idea of people living close and walking to church ("A Brief Introduction To Mormon Urbanism").  

Although I believe that the practice of walking to church has waned, as most churches have big parking lots, and even before the pandemic it was rare to see people walking to or from church.

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9 Comments:

At 8:03 AM, Blogger Mari said...

I'm going to avoid the theological part for now, but I will say Christians, Muslims, and Jews vary in their level of practice, but almost all have provisions for practicing their faith at home/wherever instead of at temple or in the church or at the mosque.

Your last statement about walking to church I am going to push back on. At some point blog.inshaw.com will get back to reviewing the 1957 Northwest Urban Renewal Area Church Survey. The NW Urban Renewal Area covered Shaw, Mt. Vernon Sq, parts of Downtown and that area near Union Station. One of the questions asked in the survey was how many congregants lived in the renewal area. Churches like Mt. Sinai were commuter churches even back then in 1957! People have romantic ideas about the past. The catholic churches, like
St. Augustine had only 50% of it's parishioners in the renewal area/ walking distance.
Heck even when I was growing up Baptist, at one point we switched churches and we went from a church we 'could' walk to, to one where it would be a long hot sticky (Florida) and unpleasant walk. So we drove. This was the late 70s early 80s.
And I will leave you with something I swear I have mentioned before. Sundays are the days churches see the biggest activity, but there are other building functions going on during the rest of the week that are under the radar of unchurched people as yourself. Churches are pretty much social clubs when you take the theology out of it. There are smaller group functions, such as Bible study (Wednesdays for most churches), choir practice, vestry/deacons/etc meetings, making space available for AA, Weight Watchers, and scouting.
So yes, when this is all over (I'm guessing 2022) there will be fewer people. However, religious institutions provide a service. One of those things being a community and fellowship, and humans being social animals, people will want a lot of that when this is over.

 
At 9:15 AM, Blogger Richard Layman said...

Hey, I am conscious about churches as social institutions outside of Sundays. My first wife was religious and I attended church with her (Capitol Hill Presbyterian). I also attended church regularly as a foster child when I was in 6th and 7th grades (Catholic), and once I was adopted (Presbyterian).

MY father was sickly all through my growing up until he died when I was 7, and I have no memories of attending temple. I definitely wasn't introduced to religion systematically until I was a foster child.

2. One, it's totally awesome that there was an urban renewal study on churches. Two, I am totally not surprised by the findings you're reporting.

As a scholar, you might want to apply the approach laid out in Peter Muller's "Transportation and Urban Form," where he outlines the way urban form is created based on the dominant mobility pattern/paradigm.

https://web.archive.org/web/20200306053133/http://www.des.ucdavis.edu/faculty/handy/TTP220/Muller_reading.pdf

By the 1940s, he called it "the metropolitan city," where the car eliminates or severely diminishes geographical bounds on people's activities -- work, school, shopping, and evidently church.

It would be really interesting to apply that frame to various activities.

Anyway, outmigration from the city(cities) had been a 10+ year phenomenon by the time that survey had been conducted, even before the acceleration of this velocity ("white flight") by school integration in cities like Washington.

(White flight's velocity varied I imagine, depending on when desegregation occurred. Because DC was one of the cities that was part of the Brown v. Board of Education case, integration was instituted immediately, and therefore, so was white flight.

At the Sumner Archives, in the reading room, they have the special section of the Washington Star published to explain what desegregation meant to the various schools in the Washington school system. It's encased in a big envelope of hard plastic. Worth checking out.

In Detroit, where I lived off and on until I was 11 or 12, outmigration occurred but it wasn't a significant process. The city's population remained roughly the same from 1940 to 1970, growing a little bit over that time, but 1.62 million in 1940, and 1.67 million in 1970.

Although there was a big upward blip in the war time years, as the 1950 population was 1.85 million, only to slip back to the 1940 number by 1960.

You can see outmigration patterns in the Jewish population, which had been concentrated in Detroit's center (at least the center as I saw it, not downtown), moving directly northward into Oakland County (Southfield and Oak Park, Bingham Farms), and then northwest (West Bloomfield), not unlike patterns in Baltimore and Washington.

Of course the 1967 riot changed perceptions quite a bit, and once the city's political structure shifted to black control with the election of Coleman Young as mayor in 1974, by then outmigration was a more pronounced phenomenon.

By 1980, Detroit's population had dropped by more than 400,000, a 20% or so reduction.

 
At 9:16 AM, Blogger Richard Layman said...

Interestingly, wrt Jewish outmigration and ecological succession theory (Robert Park's _The City_), the Jews moved to Southfield and Oak Park starting probably in the 1940s. Now following that same pattern, at least northward from Detroit, Southfield and Oak Park are majority black.

(These two cities, along with Pontiac, the formerly industrial city that was home to many automobile manufacturing facilities and the headquarters of the since shuttered Pontiac brand of GM, house the bulk of the county's African-American population, which is still predominantly white.)

 
At 10:41 AM, Blogger Mari said...

The link I had in my comment for St. Augustine is now and was then an African American church and 46% were scattered through the rest of the DC quadrants. Another black church http://blog.inshaw.com/2020/01/07/1957-church-survey-asbury-methodist-church-random-church-not-in-shaw/ Asbury Methodist, had 33% in the urban renewal area, 55% in the rest of DC, and 12% in MD & VA. Berean Baptist http://blog.inshaw.com/2019/11/04/1957-church-survey-berean-baptist-church/ said that a majority (91%) of its congregants were in Brookland and other parts of NW DC.
My focus is not on transportation, but something slightly related, parking. As you may remember church parking was a touchy topic in DC politics. This also touches upon another transportation issue, bike lanes. As you may know several Shaw churches loudly opposed proposed bike lanes for 9th and 6th St and as far as I can tell those lanes are dead. Mayor Bowser could sneak in some lanes now that churches can't have large gatherings and the need for on-street Sunday parking is low. But, as far as I can tell Vision DC is just lip service and she has little interest in bike lanes.

The Sumner Archives, like many archives, big and small are closed to the public and offer limited services. Thankfully the Washington Star is on-line, but I kind of rather depend on writings based on empirical research with citations I can examine myself. I'm becoming quite disappointed in a lot of new research when I check some of their citations the cited work doesn't clearly support the author's statements.

 
At 12:42 PM, Blogger Richard Layman said...

Wrt church parking, I've always been of the mind that one day of extraordinary accommodation shouldn't be seen as a big deal. But that churches, with assistance from local authorities, should have to create and implement transportation demand management plans.

Many churches have "traffic" related "ministries" to manage parking.

Years ago on a Sunday in the Hill District of Pittsburgh I saw a Port Authority bus labeled as "Church shuttle." I never did find out more about. But bus shuttles as part of TDM plans seem fine with me.

2. Wrt bike lanes i have neither sympathy nor empathy for opposition. While I don't like it, again I accept using bike lanes for Church parking (sometimes for funerals too) as an accommodation that lasts for a short time.

3. I have zero acceptance of opposition to streetcars by churches. Churches across Europe are fronted by streetcars and trams, usually with a wire infrastructure.

In North America streetcars in SF, Toronto and, Seattle, Portland, and Philadelphia among others, front churches.

Plenty if light rail systems too, including Salt Lake's, which passes right in front of the Salt Lake Temple of the Mormon Church. The Temple is the home cathedral of the denomination. In fact the Church probably welcomed the light rail as a proximate economic investment aimed at maintaining the value of the city's downtown including the adjacent church complex.

 
At 12:43 PM, Blogger Richard Layman said...

I am against churches acquiring nearby properties with the intent to demolish buildings and create minimally used parking lots in their place.

 
At 1:30 PM, Blogger Mari said...

I will need to strongly push back on this:
"2. Wrt bike lanes i have neither sympathy nor empathy for opposition. While I don't like it, again I accept using bike lanes for Church parking (sometimes for funerals too) as an accommodation that lasts for a short time."

The church opposition in DC is to the creation of bike lanes in the first place. I have been to meetings, where emotions have gotten pretty high, where churches (UHOP) have screamed no to bike lanes. Churches using bike lanes on Sunday between 6:30Am to 3-5PM ( because for large churches that's the active period.... I left the Black church because the services are too damned long)wasn't even on the table.

 
At 1:52 PM, Blogger Richard Layman said...

I think they're wrong. Biking for transportation is = environmental and social justice.

Again, letting churches park in the lanes on Sundays and for funerals is an acceptable tradeoff.

Peomoting automobile dependency is contrary to optimal public policy.

 
At 9:54 PM, Blogger Richard Layman said...

"Raphael Warnock, From the Pulpit to Politics, Doesn’t Shy From ‘Uncomfortable’ Truths"

https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/02/us/politics/raphael-warnock-georgia-senate.html

"Biden Is Ushering in a Second Coming of Religious Liberals"

https://www.thedailybeast.com/joe-biden-nancy-pelosi-and-raphael-warnock-are-ushering-in-a-second-coming-of-religious-liberals

"What one Utah church did to help its community during a year of economic hardship"

https://www.deseret.com/faith/2021/1/4/22206559/salt-lake-valley-the-point-church-pastor-food-school-covid-christian-service-needy-faith-project

 

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